Medicine And Science In Sports Essays

Medicine And Science In Sports Essays Medicine And Science In Sports Paper Medicine And Science In Sports Paper The famous cycling competition, Tour de France, is now world renowned, not only for its accomplishments, but also for the drugs scandals it has faced in recent years. In 2006, its American winner Floyd Landis tested positive for unusual levels of testosterone, after stage 17 of the Tour (BBC, 2006). Landis denied cheating, and asked for a counter analysis to clear his name (BBC, 2006). However, his backup dope test also came back positive, showing that his B sample, as well as his A sample, contained synthetic testosterone. This denies his earlier claim that his body had been naturally producing more than the normal levels of testosterone, as synthetic testosterone can only come from outside sources (MSNBC, 2006). In the same year, two of Lance Armstrong’s teammates, confessed to having used EPO, a banned performance enhancement drug, in the 1999 Tour de France (Macur, 2006). EPO, or erythropoietin, is a synthetic hormone that boosts the body’s production of oxygen-rich red blood cells (Macur, 2006). It allows the rider to have increased stamina, which is crucial to cyclists (Macur, 2006). It is believed that doping, or ingesting stimulants, has always been an integral part of the culture of top-level cycling (Cannon). Stimulants such as amphetamine forces the body to produce adrenaline and increase the muscles capacity to work (Cannon). A stimulant would equip a cyclist with increased attention, concentration, and sensitivity to all relevant factors during the entire race (Cannon). A stimulant can also help a cyclist by allowing his body to produce more sweat and thereby release body heat and it causes the lungs to process more air to be sent to the blood (Cannon). However, a stimulant poses serious health risks to a cyclist, such as dangerous increase in body temperature and failure of the body to recognize overexertion, which could end in injury (Cannon). Stakeholders in this issue can be categorized into three: the event organizers and judges, the competitors themselves, and the public. Organizers and judges are interested in keeping their competitions clean in order to know who the real winners are. This will maintain public confidence in their competitions, which is the only way that the events would get supporters and followers. The competitors are interested in addressing this issue because it ruins their credibility as professional athletes. One allegation of cheating against one rider can ruin the reputation of all of them. Moreover, those who lose because they have been honest would lose their interest in the game or their trust in the event organizers. Finally, the public would want the real winner to be clean of drugs. This would mean that the winner was able to overcome the challenges through his own effort and without the help of performance enhancers. Ethically speaking, taking performance-enhancing drugs is nothing more than plain old cheating. It should never be countenanced lest it corrupt other riders who are still believing in honest competition. Everyone interested should stand guard against these kinds of cheating activities to ensure the integrity of the cycling sport. References BBC. (2006). Landis gives positive drugs test. Retrieved October 3, 2007, from http://news. bbc. co. uk/sport2/hi/other_sports/cycling/5221122. stm Cannon, M. The Physiological Effects of Two Cycling Drugs. Retrieved October 3, 2007, from indiana. edu/~phys215/lab/paper1. pdf Macur, J. (2006). 2 Ex-Teammates of Cycling Star Admit Drug Use. The New York Times. Retrieved October 3, 2007, from nytimes. com/2006/09/12/sports/othersports/12cycling. html? _r=1n=Top%2FReference%2FTimes%20Topics%2FOrganizations% 2FU%2FUnited%20States%20Anti-Doping%20Agencyoref=slogin MSNBC. (2006). Landisbackup doping test also positive. Retrieved October 3, 2007, from msnbc. msn. com/id/14059185/

Geography of Christmas

Geography of Christmas Every December 25, billions of people around the world gather together to celebrate the Christmas holiday. While many dedicate the occasion as the Christian tradition of the birth of Jesus, others commemorate the age-old customs of the pagans, the indigenous peoples of pre-Christian Europe. Still, others might carry on the celebration of Saturnalia, the feast of the Roman god of agriculture. And, the celebration of Saturnalia included the ancient Persian Feast of the Unconquered Sun on December 25th. Whatever the case, one can certainly encounter many different ways of celebrating the occasion. Through the centuries these local and universal traditions have gradually blended together to form our modern tradition of Christmas, arguably the first global holiday. Today, many cultures around the world celebrate Christmas with a wide variety of customs. In the United States, most of our traditions have been borrowed from Victorian England, which were themselves borrowed from other places, notably mainland Europe. In our current culture, many people may be familiar with the Nativity scene or maybe visiting Santa Claus at the local shopping mall, but these common traditions werent always with us. This compels us to ask some questions about the geography of Christmas: where did our holiday traditions come from and how did they come to be? The list of world Christmas traditions and symbols is long and varied. Many books and articles have been written about each one separately. In this article, three of the most common symbols are discussed: Christmas as the birth of Jesus Christ, Sa nta Claus, and the Christmas tree. Origin and Diffusion of Christmas Symbols Christmas was designated as the birth of Jesus in the fourth century CE. During this period, Christianity was just beginning to define itself and Christian feast days were integrated into the popular pagan traditions to ease the adoption of the new religious beliefs. Christianity diffused outward from this region through the work of evangelizers and missionaries and eventually, European colonization brought it to places all over the world. The cultures that adopted Christianity also adopted the celebration of Christmas. The legend of Santa Claus began with a Greek Bishop in fourth-century Asia Minor (modern-day Turkey). There in the town of Myra, a young bishop, named Nicholas, gained a reputation for kindness and generosity by distributing his family fortune to the less fortunate. As one story goes, he stopped the sale of three young women into slavery by providing enough gold to make a marriage dowry for each of them. According to the story, he threw the gold through the window and it landed in a stocking drying by the fire. As time passed, the word spread of Bishop Nicholas generosity and children began hanging their stockings by the fire in hopes that the good bishop would pay them a visit. Bishop Nicholas died on December 6th, 343 CE. He was canonized as a saint a short time later and the feast day of Saint Nicholas is celebrated on the anniversary of his death. The Dutch pronunciation of Saint Nicholas is Sinter Klaas. When Dutch settlers came to the United States, the pronunciation became Anglicanized and changed to Santa Claus which remains with us today. Little is known about what Saint Nicholas looked like. Depictions of him often portrayed a tall, thin character in a hooded robe sporting a graying beard. In 1822, an American theological professor, Clement C. Moore, wrote a poem A Visit from Saint Nicholas (more popularly known as The Night Before Christmas). In the poem, he describes Saint Nick as a jolly elf with a round belly and a white beard. In 1881, an American cartoonist, Thomas Nast, drew a picture of Santa Claus using Moores description. His drawing gave us the modern-day image of Santa Claus. The origin of the Christmas tree can be found in Germany. In pre-Christian times, the pagans celebrated the Winter Solstice, often decorated with pine branches because they were always green (hence the term evergreen). The branches were often decorated with fruit, especially apples and nuts. The evolution of the evergreen tree into the modern Christmas tree begins with Saint Boniface, on a mission from a Britain (modern-day England) through the forests of Northern Europe. He was there to evangelize and convert the pagan peoples to Christianity. Accounts of the journey say that he intervened in the sacrifice of a child at the foot of an oak tree (oak trees are associated with the Norse god Thor). After stopping the sacrifice, he encouraged the people to instead gather around the evergreen tree and divert their attention away from bloody sacrifices to acts of giving and kindness. The people did so and the tradition of the Christmas tree was born. For centuries, it remained mostly a Ger man tradition. The widespread diffusion of the Christmas tree to areas outside of Germany didnt happen until Queen Victoria of England married Prince Albert of Germany. Albert moved to England and brought with him his German Christmas traditions. The idea of the Christmas tree became popular in Victorian England after an illustration of the Royal Family around their tree was published in 1848. The tradition then quickly spread to the United States along with many other English traditions. Conclusion Christmas is a historic holiday that blends ancient pagan customs with the more recent universal traditions of Christianity. It is also an interesting trip around the world, a geographic story that originated in many places, especially Persia and Rome. It gives us the account of three wise men from the orient visiting a newborn baby in Palestine, the recollection of good deeds by a Greek bishop living in Turkey, the fervent work of a British missionary traveling through Germany, a childrens poem by an American theologian, and the cartoons of a German-born artist living in the United States. All of this variety contributes to the festive nature of Christmas, which is what makes the holiday such an exciting occasion. Interestingly, when we pause to remember why we have these traditions, we have geography to thank for it.