The Mohawks of Akwesasne

Due to its distinctive geographical location along the St. Lawrence River, which â€Å"serves as one of the natural division lines between Canada and the United States,† the Mohawks of Akwesasne have familiarized themselves to the media and the civic society.Some have called the Mohawks â€Å"the most stubborn Native Community in North America, not only for (their) enduring commitment to (their) Ancient Mohawk Territories and Resources, but also for the strong positions (they) maintain over the Aboriginal Rights of (their) Community and (their) Kahniakehaka (Mohawk) Nation† (Akwesasne para. 1). Despite government intervention (or disturbance) on the affairs of the Mohawk community, they have remained unrelenting in upholding the honor of their indigenous tribe. The so-called â€Å"battle† for sustainability has been thriving for many decades now.Akwesasne and the MohawksAkwesasne is the home of the Mohawk community.   Akwesasne borders the countries of Canada a nd the United States of America, the Candian Province of Ontario and Quebec; and the American State of New York (Akwesasne para. 2). Because of its location, the jurisdiction of this land is not determined until now. This confusion has caused problems for the 13,000 Mohawks living in Akwesasne, however, they have survived the struggle of adjusting to their jurisdictional condition over the years.As a result, this minority has managed to build solid and independent socio-economic endeavors for their people who are bestowed with many gifts, talents, knowledge, experience, and expertise in various fields of work and art. Over the past ten years, dynamic changes have provided this Mohawk community the opportunity to responsibly manage their Infrastructure, Health and Social Services, Judicial and Law Enforcement System, Environment and Conservation, and Housing and Economic Initiatives (Akwesasne para. 3).Akwesasne Community ProfileThe Mohawk Territory of Akwesasne is located within the Ancient Homelands of (its) Ancestor, which (their) People have occupied and used since time immemorial (Akwesasne para.7). The people are embedded with unexplainable affection to this area composed of approximately 26,000 acres in land mass (about fifty square miles in total area).Comprised of breathtaking islands, the Mohawk community is located within the glorious St. Lawrence River and mainland contained by the St. Lawrence River Valley. It can be found near major Canadian cities such as Ottawa, Ontario and Monteal, Quebec. There are four inhabited districts in the region including Kanatakon/St. Regis Village and Tsi Snaihe/Chenail Districts (within Quebec), Kawennoke/Cornwall Island District (within Ontario), and Tekaswenkarorens/Hogansburg District (within New York).History of Akwesasne and the MohawksAkwesasne is Mohawk community that rightfully deserves the title, â€Å"First Nation† (Bonaparte para. 1). It used to be a â€Å"place of peace† which served as a s afe haven from war for the early Mohawks and other indigenous peoples. Formerly the smallest Mohawk village, but today, Akwesasne is already the largest in terms of population and territory. The Haudenosaunee Confederacy considers Akwesasne the â€Å"capital† of the seven communities that make up the Mohawk Nation (Bonaparte, para 1).The term Mohawk can be literally translated as â€Å"place of partridges† since thousands of a species of game bird are surrounding the shores of the St. Lawrence River and its tributaries.   The first Mohawks and natives of Akwesasne engaged in hunting, fishing, and trading. A certain group by the name â€Å"St. Lawrence Iroquoians† (their identity is still debatable) was believed to have built pillars of â€Å"longhouse villages found in the rich soil of the St. Lawrence River Valley.† According to artifacts, â€Å"St. Lawrence Iroquoians† were captured and hid in a village called Hochelaga which was considered as one with the Mohawk community.Wars followed and the Mohawks fought against the tribes, Hurons and Algonquins, who were under French control during that time. In time more than half of the Mohawk population (which had already been weakened by epidemics and war) migrated to the village on the south bank of the St. Lawrence near the Lachine Rapids (Bonaparte para. 5). They formed a new community which they called Kahnawake (at the rapids) where the Hurons, Algonquins, and other Iroquois converts (converted by the Jesuits) from Oneida and Onondaga united with them.Bonaparte’s study also focused and expounded on the â€Å"Seven Nations of Canada† as stated:In time the population of these villages grew so large that new ones were established. By the 1750's these villages eventually united in an alliance that Mohawks knew as Tsiata Nihononwentsiake, also known as the Seven Nations of Canada, the Seven Fires, and the Seven Villages.When this union was formalized, it consisted of the Mohawks of Kahnawake (Caughnawaga); the Mohawks, Algonquins, and Nippissings of Kanesatake (Oka); the Abenakis of Odanak (St. Francis) in what is now southern Quebec; the Hurons of Wendake (Lorette), just west of Quebec City; and the Iroquois (mostly Oneidas and Onondagas) of Sawehkatsi (Oswegatchie), site of present-day Ogdensburg, New York. Even though as many as twenty-two different nations were represented at these new settlements by the early 1700's, they were nevertheless able to maintain a distinct cultural identification as Huron, Algonquin, and Iroquois communities in their own right (para. 6).The cultural model of this new confederacy was the Rotinonsionni (â€Å"People of the Longhouse,†) also known as the Haudenosaunee Confederacy, the Five Nations, the Six Nations, and the League of the Iroquois (Bonaparte para. 7). Despite strong Jesuit influence over the Mohawks, they have remained a strong clan and have maintained their cultural practices and customs.Re lations between the Seven Nations of Canada and the Haudenosaunee Confederacy during the last decades of the 18th century were contentious thanks to the mad rush of land sales and treaty negotiations that stirred up old animosities and disputes over territory (Bonaparte para. 21). At this time, war broke out causing so much suffering for the people of Akwesasne. Many colonizers tried to change the traditional system of the Mohawks but they remained firm and have shunned away these invaders.The last decade of the 19th century saw drastic changes in the political landscape of Akwesasne and the other Mohawk communities, who were still governed by the old â€Å"life chiefs† (Bonaparte para. 22). Non-native governments tried to implement a new electoral system but these were rejected by the Mohawks to the extent of causing trouble. The life chiefs were punished; however, they did not give up hoping that the traditional election would be restored.In spite of these affronts to Mohaw k cultural and political sovereignty, the last half of the 19th century witnessed a cultural renaissance of sorts at Akwesasne and her fellow Mohawk communities (Bonaparte para. 23). This includes the emergence of native products such as Mohawk baskets, beadwork, snowshoes, cradleboards, and the rise of their high-steel construction industry, which gave occupation to the Mohawks. Throughout the early 20th century the identification of the Mohawk communities with the banner of the Seven Nations of Canada began to wane in favor of that of the Haudenosaunee Confederacy, viewed by many as older and purer of the two since it originated long before European contact (Bonaparte para. 25).In the early part of the 20th century, the Mohawks engaged in exporting liquor from Canada to the United States, which was not as open as the past centuries because of controlled legislations on liquor transportation. Throughout the last decades of the 20th century, Akwesasne continued to feel the long-term effects of the St. Lawrence Seaway (Bonaparte para.33). The agricultural and fishing industry weakened so the Mohawks were forced to seek greener pastures by working in factories and establishments in big cities in New York. Cultural issues conflicted with this economic stabilization. Mohawks, who moved away from Akwesasne, felt estrangement and have adapted non-Mohawk practices.Present Situation of the MohawksCurrently, commercialization and expansion of the Mohawks have become prevalent and have changed the lives of these indigenous people in one way or another. Their rich history and cultural heritage may be taken for granted by some but historians and anthropologists who have studied this unique tribe continue to hope that the difference it has made in this world would be appreciated by present-day societies. The remaining Mohawk community is still active though in promoting and maintaining the culture they have always been accustomed to, which is making them a stronger nation. Works CitedBonaparte, D. n.d. The History of Akwesasane from Pre-Contact to Modern Times. 3 July 2007 .

A Human Resources Business Plan Essay - 1819 Words

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Once hired, investing in the employee by providing guidance and training to develop new skills and to improve current skills, will help retain them. â€Å"Employees who feel they are developing their skills tend to be happier in their jobs, which results in increased employee retention.† (Patten, 2016). These new employees may one day take on leadership roles or other positions within the company, alleviatin g additional new hire fees, which saves the company money. (Mayhew, 2016). A Human Resource business plan adds significant value to a company, by being able to support and enable the execution of strategic objectives through building organizationalShow MoreRelatedHuman Resource Business Strategy Plan2154 Words   |  9 PagesHuman Resource Business Strategy Plan 1 This is the proposed Human Resource business strategy plan for ABC Technologies. 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Good Things Don t Last Forever - 915 Words

Good Things Don’t Last Forever Within the duration of life, there can be times where things seem almost perfect. In Sula, written by Toni Morrison, some good relationships appear to be perfect. Even in relationships that have perfect moments, there will at times be problems. Sometimes, even good relationships fail. Good relationships do not last because people cheat, people leave, and people die. Relationships end because people cheat. In Sula, Jude and Nel was a married couple who had a family. They were happy. Even Nel describes her love for Jude as â€Å"a bright and easy affection,† and â€Å"a playfulness that was reflected in their lovemaking.† (Morrison, 95) Then, Nel caught her best friend (Sula) and her husband (Jude) kissing and naked in their marital bedroom. â€Å"They had been on all fours naked, not touching except their lips†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Morrison, 105) Apparently Sula and Jude did not have sex; they only kissed. Jude left the marriage after Nel caught him with Sula. 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Fall Prevention on Elderly Patients in a Surgical Ward

FALL PREVENTION ON ELDERLY PATIENTS IN A SURGICAL WARD There are various reasons why elderly patients in a surgical ward may fall, injuring them even more almost instantly, the issue of patient’s safety and security have been the primary concern of most hospital and clinical institution but elders do fall unpredictably. Elderly patients at the age of 65 falling is a serious problem, medical professionals has realized the needs to develop a plan to purposely prevent such incidents from happening. No matter how careful the clinical person and their staff including the patients’ family some accidents may happen unknowingly due to slipping or tripping and other misbehavior of elderly patients may cause such accidents. Accidents are†¦show more content†¦9. Environmental check up of facilities, walkways, stairs and rails. 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Experiment on Osmosis Free Essays

GCSE – Human Physiology and Health An experiment to investigate what affect sucrose solution has on potato tissue. Background Osmosis is the movement of water molecules, across a partially permeable membrane from a region of high concentration of water to a low concentration of water molecules. A partially permeable membrane is a membrane with holes in it small enough for only water to go through it. We will write a custom essay sample on Experiment on Osmosis or any similar topic only for you Order Now Big molecules like glucose cannot fit through it. Osmosis allows plants to take in water through their roots, and is also used in kidney dialysis machines to filter the blood. Aim The aim of this experiment is to investigate how potato tissue changes when placed in sucrose solution of different concentrations. I want to find out if and how osmosis differs, when the concentration is changed. The Fixed Variables There are several fixed variables I can control in order to get a different outcome to my experiment: 1)Temperature of the atmosphere in which the investigation takes place 2)Surface on which the investigation takes place 3)Length of time in which the chip is submerged in the solution 4)Position of potato chip )Size of potato chip 6)Amount of solution 7)Concentration of solution. Diagram Method 1,2,34) gather all the equipment needed, as per the list below. A range of sucrose solutions will then be prepared with concentrations of 0. 00 molar, 0. 25 molar, 0. 50 molar, 0. 75 molar and 1. 00 molar. You will need to measure 15ml of each of the solutions in a measuring cylinder. You can check that the volume is at the correct measurement, by bending down to eye level. This will give you an accurate reading. You can also alter the concentration by using a pipette. You will then place each 15ml of solution into the correct specimen tubes. You then need to add a label to each specimen tube to advise what sucrose solution is in what. For organisation’s sake, we set up all of the specimen tubes at once, and labelled them individually to avoid confusion later on. You should end up with 3 test tubes of each solution (15 test tubes in all). (56) A large potato will be selected and using a number 4 cork borer, push out 15 pieces. A poker will be used to separate each piece of potato from the borer. 7) You should then cut, with a scalpel, the skin from the ends of the potato. The skin is waterproof therefore if you were to leave the skin on, it will not allow the water to enter the potato evenly. (8) You will then measure, with a ruler, each potato, at 20mm. You will need to measure each potato in mms because it will give a more accurate measurement. Cut with a scalpel and repeat this 15 times. This part of the preparation must be done very accu rately as a change in the surface area may allow more or less osmosis to occur. 9) The mass of each potato will be measured, on a 2 decimal place weighing scale. (10) Record each potato mass in a table. (11) The potato tubes will then be placed into the test tubes, taking care to place each potato in each specimen tube according to your table. It is important to keep a record, to control which potato has gone into which sucrose solution, for the results to create an accurate conclusion. (12) Start the stopwatch and leave the potatoes to soak in the sucrose solution for 30mins. (13) After 30 minutes, empty each specimen tube, leaving only the potato inside. 14) Before you weigh each potato again, you need to dab them with a paper towel. If excess water were left on the potato, the weights would not be accurate. (15) Repeat this with the 14 potato tubes left. Once all the potatoes are out of the solution, the potato tubes need to be measured on the same weighing scales used before (2 decimal places). (16) Record the results. By doing the experiment 15 times at once, this will save time, but will also, hopefully produce more accurate results from which I will be able to draw a more accurate conclusion. Table Of Results ConcentrationLength (mm)Weight (mm) Before After 15ml of 0. 00 mol dm-320mm 15ml of 0. 00 mol dm-320mm 15ml of 0. 00 mol dm-320mm 15ml of 0. 25 mol dm-320mm 15ml of 0. 25 mol dm-320mm 15ml of 0. 25 mol dm-320mm 15ml of 0. 50 mol dm-320mm 15ml of 0. 50 mol dm-320mm 15ml of 0. 50 mol dm-320mm 15ml of 0. 75 mol dm-320mm 15ml of 0. 75 mol dm-320mm 15ml of 0. 75 mol dm-320mm 15ml of 1. 00 mol dm-320mm 15ml of 1. 00 mol dm-320mm 15ml of 1. 00 mol dm-320mm Graph See graph paper added Safety IssueRiskManagement Glass tileIf it breaks you could cut yourself. Take care when handling. Keep the tile in the middle of the bench to ensure you don’t knock it off. ScalpelCould cut your fingers if not handled correctlyMake sure your fingers are out of the way when cutting the skin off the end of the potato. Cork BorerCould go through your hand if holding the potatoMake sure the potato is placed on the white tile. Equipment 1)Weighing scales at 2 decimal places. 2)White Tile. 3)Pipette. 4)Scalpel. 5)Measuring cylinder. 6)Potato. 7)Paper towels. 8)Number 4-cork borer. 9)Poker. 10)Ruler. 11)15 specimen tubes. 12)15 labels for sucrose solution. How to cite Experiment on Osmosis, Papers

Bioethics Essay Example For Students

Bioethics Essay Bioethics Essay Progress in the pharmacological, medical and biological sciences involves experimentation on all living species, including animals and humans. The effectiveness of medications investigative procedures and treatments must at some point be tested on animals and human beings. Although tests are conducted much more frequently on lab animals, especially those most related to humans, they do not provide sufficient information. The history of medicine shows that there has always been a need for experimentation on human beings. Examples of these consist of the inoculation of Newgate prisoners in 1721, who had been condemned to death with Smallpox. In 1796, Edward Jenner, also studying Smallpox, inoculated an eight year old boy with pus from a diseased cow. The list goes on, and such experiments continue even until today. Nowadays these experiments would be ethically and legally unacceptable. Nevertheless, there have been clear documented cases of abuse in recent times. An example of this is the experiments conducted by Nazi doctors on prisoners in the concentration camps during the Holocaust. Does this mean that since there is potential for abuse, all experimentation should be banned? This would mean that society would be condemned to remain at the same level of knowledge (status quo)? Bioethically speaking, how far can we go in the study of the human without crossing the line? The fundamental question is, since we are the ones drawing the line, where do we draw it? The purpose of this essay is to provide a clear sense of the present law on this issue. Second, to review the problems raised by experimentation on animals. To show some different examples of bioethics. Third, to show the biblical view of the matter. Finally, to bring the reader to his or her own clear conclusion, without a bias opinion on the matter. THE CURRENT STATE OF THE LAW Biomedical experimentation on human subjects raises many complex legal problems that the law must deal with accordingly. For example, infringement on the rules subjects the researcher not only to criminal sanctions, but also civil sanctions (damages for harm caused), administrative sanctions (withdrawal of funds), or disciplinary sanctions (suspension from the researchers professional association). Since we are in Canada, there are two categories of law dealing with regulating experimentation. The first is Federal and Provincial Legislation. The second consists of documents, codes of ethics and reports, which while not necessarily enforceable, strongly urge researchers experiments on human subjects to observe certain standards of conduct. A.FEDERAL AND PROVINCIAL LEGISLATION The Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms governs here. Some of its provisions in effect make certain kinds of experiments illegal. Any experimental activity which endangers the protected values is thereof illegal. Another is according to current case law, treatment may be broadly construed rather than being limited to therapy. Criminal sanctions dealing with offences against the person make it possible to penalize those causing harm to a subject who has not given valid consent to an experiment. Explaining this, many experiments on humans are legal and performed everyday. No experiment is performed without a purpose. The most common is during surgery, the patients give valid consent to have experiments conducted on them during the operation. With respect to medications, citizens of Canada are given protection by the Food and Drug Act. These laws control new medications into the market. Although this seems as though it contains no ethical procedures it touches upon the experimentation prior to the release of the medication. Many animals have been used in order to bring these medications to the market. Furthermore, humans must have been used during experimentation. According to the Law, any experiment performed on a person to bring out any new medication may result in criminal sanction (homicide, damages for harm, suspension). Social Identity in the Breakfast Club Essay People think that by cloning, we are taking the creation of life into our own hands, giving us all the control over something never before in our power, and in essence playing God (Mario, Christopher). But what they dont realize is that for hundreds of years, humankind has been controlling nature with the domestication of plants and animals, which is a violation of the natural order of things as God has put them .

Skin Cancer Essays (1167 words) - Medicine, Clinical Medicine

Skin Cancer Skin Cancer About a million americans will develop skin cancer this year. Skin cancer is the most prevalent of all cancers, and it's increasingly on the rise. There are millions of tiny cells that make up the human body. There are different kinds of cells, but they all make new cells by a process that involves dividing in half. This is how old cells are replaced with strong new cells. When a cells divides and doesn't do the job that it was intended to do for the body, and then it continues to divide and makes more of these useless cells, and these cells continue to collect, it is called a tumor. There are two types of tumors: benign and malignant. The cells in a benign tumor can crowd out healthy cells, even though they can not spread to other, and healthier, parts of the body (Ingraham 447). However, a malignant tumor is cancer. A malignant tumor can also crowd out the healthy cells around it, but in addition to thatt it can spread to other parts of the body and take over the healthy cells in different areas of the body. Skin cancer is a disease in which cancer cells are found in the outer layers of skin. The skin has two main layers and several kinds of cells. The top layer is the epidermis and it is the layer that is shed most frequently. The inner layer is called the dermis and is thicker and contains blood vessels, nerves, hair follicles and sweat glands (Seely Stephens Tate 145). Cancer spreads by a group of cells or a single cell that breaks away from the tumor and moves to other parts of the body. Once there, it'll divide and start tumors, made of malignant cells, like the ones that mad up the first tumor (Ingraham 447). When this happens it is called metastic cancer. Metastatic cancer is defined as the transfer of disease from one part of the body to another, as in certain types of cancer (Funk & Wagnalls Dictionary 408.) . With many cancers, the usual first step in prevention is that the affected body part is removed. However, since a persons skin cannot be removed, in its entirety, this presents more of a problem to physicians. Skin cancer is somewhat curable when diagnosed and treated early. And, its somewhat preventable by avoiding sun and tanning bed exposure. Sunscreen is a simple, easy, and convenient artificial defense against skin cancer. There are three main types of skin cancer. Melanoma is the least common, but most serious because this type is responsible for at least three fourths of the skin cancer deaths per year (Encarta encyclopedia, cdrom). The other types of skin cancer are basal cell and squamous cell cancers. These two are referred to as non-melanoma skin cancers. Another rare type of skin cancer, known as Kaposi's sarcoma, is rarely seen (Barnes-Savarney, 177). The most common type of skin cancer is basal cell skin cancer. However, Melonoma is the fastest growing type of cancer, affecting approximately 32,000 americans in 1993 (Encarta Encyclopedi, cdrom). Melanoma is triggered by ultraviolet rays from the sun and is signaled by the growth or appearance of an irregular mole on the skin. The mole may be diagnosed based on its size, shape, color, or texture, or due to its tenderness or hardness. Developing skin cancer is a two step process. It involves initiation and promotion of malignant growth. Since the ultraviolet rays harm the mechanism for repairing cell damage, one the repair system is impaired, cells become increasingly vulnerable to injury. Subsequent ultraviolet exposure make it worse, and can inititate malignancy. After ultraviolet exposure, the repair mechanism in the body, normally directs damaged cells to commit suicide. This is the explanation for why skin peels after sun tanning and sun burns. However, previously damaged cells with a malfunctioning repair system escape this process. Genetic damage accumulates as normal cells die and abnormal ones survive. It's been determined that skin does not have to be burned to be damaged, and such damage accumulates with chronic, everyday exposure (Encarta cdrom). There are two types of ultraviolet radiation that reach the earth: ultraviolet A and ultraviolet B. Both contribute to skin damage, and